How to Allow Remote Access from Your PC

#Access Remote Desktop Connection. Open the Start menu and click on “All Programs.” Select the Accessories folder in the list of options displayed, then click on “Remote Desktop Connection.” A dialog box will appear.[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 1.jpg|center]]
#Type the name of the computer you want to connect to in the textbox. If you don’t know the name of the computer, you can choose the computer among the list of available ones in the network by clicking on the drop-down menu.[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 2.jpg|center]]
#Click the “Options” button located at the bottom left corner of the dialog box. A new dialog box will open with a list of tabs at the top. Click on the “Display” tab to modify the size of the remote desktop. This can be done by dragging the pointer under the title “Display Configurations” to increase or decrease the size of the remote desktop.[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 3.jpg|center]]
#Click the “Local Resources” tab next to the “Display” tab. Under the title “Local devices and resources,” check the boxes next to “Printers” and “Clipboard.” Here, you can access the printers and clipboard of your client system while working in the remote desktop (i.e., the host system).[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 4.jpg|center]]
#Choose the local drives to access in the client system. Click the “More” button present to the left side of the two checkboxes to choose the local devices (drives) you will access in the client system while using the remotely controlled host system.[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 5.jpg|center]]
#* Check the appropriate checkboxes under the “Drives” that you want to use then click “OK.” The previous screen under “Local devices and resources” will appear.
#Click the “Experience” tab. Change the connection speed between your client system and the host computer by clicking on the drop-down menu and choosing the appropriate connection.[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 6.jpg|center]]
#* Check the checkbox in the bottom left corner of the screen to reconnect automatically if connection is disrupted.
#Click the “Connect” button located in the bottom right corner of the dialog box. A message will come up asking for a confirmation to connect. Click the “Connect” button located in the bottom right edge of the message, and a Windows Security dialog box will appear asking for your username and password.[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 7.jpg|center]]
#Enter the username and password that is registered in the host computer. Click the “OK” button in the bottom right corner of the screen to proceed. (make sure the host computer is password protected on particular username you want to log in to. it is hard to connect to non-password username)[[Image:Allow Remote Access from Your PC Step 8.jpg|center]]
#* It can take up to several minutes to get connected to the host system.

How to Do Computer Meditation

{{fa}}Sitting in front of a computer all day for work is hard on your mind and body. It can leave you feeling mentally drained and physically sore. Through daily meditation, it is possible to increase your productivity, enhance your creativity, and reduce your stress at work. With regular stretching breaks, you can recharge your mind and release the muscular tension that accompanies your job.

[[Category:Computers and Electronics]]
[[Category:Breathing and Meditation]]
== Steps ==
===Meditating at Work===
#Make time to meditate at work. When practiced daily, meditation can reduce your stress and anxiety, increase your focus and productivity, and improve your general well-being. When practiced in the workplace, meditation provides the same benefits. It can help you to relax, enhance your effectiveness as an employee, and improve your overall on-site experience. To reap these perks, set aside time to meditate each day:[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 1.jpg|center]]
#*Meditate during your lunch hour. The midday mental break will rejuvenate your mind.
#*Meditate at the end of your work day. Concluding your workday with a brief meditation session will enforce the boundary between your work life and your social/home life.
#*Meditate whenever you feel stressed or anxious. Taking a break from your busy schedule can actually help you overcome the feeling that you have too much to do.<ref>http://life.gaiam.com/article/meditation-101-techniques-benefits-beginner-s-how, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/minding-the-body/201203/four-good-times-day-meditate-and-one-avoid</ref>
#Find a quiet spot, if possible. While some workplaces have designated meditation spaces, many business do not. Do your best to find a quiet, comfortable, private location to practice your meditation. If you must remain in your cubicle or office, you can take the following steps to minimize the distractions:[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 2 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*Close your door and dim the lights.
#*Take your desk phone off the hook.
#*Turn off your cell phone.
#*Put your computer in sleep mode.
#*Wear earplugs or headphones.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2133627/Give-brain-break--achieve-inner-peace-easy-guide-meditating.html, http://www.onlinemba.com/blog/10-big-companies-that-promote-employee-meditation/</ref>
#Sit in a comfortable position and close your eyes. Take a seat in a comfortable chair. Place your feet firmly on the ground, rest your hands on your knees, sit up straight, and lift your chin. As you focus on an object in front of you, take several deep breaths. Gradually soften your gaze and close your eyes.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2133627/Give-brain-break--achieve-inner-peace-easy-guide-meditating.html</ref>[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 3 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Focus on your breathing and body. As you concentrate on your breathing, listen to your heartbeat. Do not control your breath, just breathe naturally. Note how your body moves with every inhale and exhale.[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 4.jpg|center]]
#*How do your ribs move?
#*When do your shoulders rise?
#*How does your belly rise and fall?<ref>http://life.gaiam.com/article/meditation-101-techniques-benefits-beginner-s-how, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2133627/Give-brain-break--achieve-inner-peace-easy-guide-meditating.html</ref>
#Acknowledge your thoughts and let them go. As you meditate, thoughts will enter your mind. Instead of fixating on these thoughts, acknowledge that they exist and choose to let them exit your mind. Return your focus to your breathing.[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 5 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*Do not judge or assess your thoughts.
#*As you practice, you may begin to notice a pattern in your thoughts.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2133627/Give-brain-break--achieve-inner-peace-easy-guide-meditating.html</ref>
#Return to a state of awareness. Gradually return your attention to the present. Before opening your eyes, take several deep breaths. Instead of immediately returning to work, remain seated for a moment and take time to assess how the meditation made you feel.[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 6 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*You may choose to end your meditation session at any time. As you continue to practice, your sessions will get longer.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2133627/Give-brain-break--achieve-inner-peace-easy-guide-meditating.html, http://life.gaiam.com/article/meditation-101-techniques-benefits-beginner-s-how</ref>

===Meditating on the Computer===
#View your computer as an object of meditation. While practicing mindfulness meditation, practitioners are urged to observe their thoughts, acknowledge their feelings, and then allow them to pass. They are not supposed to judge or fixate on their thoughts. Practitioners are now applying this meditation technique to their work on the computer. This requires you to disengage from work and take a moment to observe and acknowledge the letters, spaces, images, and thoughts displayed on the screen.<ref>http://whatmeditationreallyis.com/index.php/home-blog/item/1557-bringing-meditation-to-working-on-the-computer.html, http://life.gaiam.com/article/meditation-101-techniques-benefits-beginner-s-how</ref>[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 7 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Assess your thoughts and feelings. Pause from your work for a brief mindfulness meditation session. Slide your chair back, close your eyes, and or slow your breathing. Ask yourself the following questions and take a mental note of your responses:[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 8 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*”What do I feel in this moment?”
#*”What am I thinking about in this moment?”
#*”How am I present in this moment?”
#*”How am I not present in this moment?”<ref>http://whatmeditationreallyis.com/index.php/home-blog/item/1557-bringing-meditation-to-working-on-the-computer.html, http://life.gaiam.com/article/meditation-101-techniques-benefits-beginner-s-how</ref>
#Observe the computer screen for 2 to 3 minutes. Once you are aware of your own thoughts and feelings, turn your attention to the computer screen. The goal of this exercise is to use the computer to transport yourself into a state of calmness, relaxation, and mindfulness that will then carry over to the rest of your workday. As you practice:[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 9 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*Take note of the letters in a word, the sentences in a paragraph, and the thoughts they are conveying.
#*Acknowledge the icons on your desktop, the empty spaces on an open web page, and the cursor in the corner of your screen.
#*If your mind wanders, return your attention to the screen.
#*Gradually regain your awareness and return to work feeling refreshed and refocused. <ref>http://life.gaiam.com/article/meditation-101-techniques-benefits-beginner-s-how, http://whatmeditationreallyis.com/index.php/home-blog/item/1557-bringing-meditation-to-working-on-the-computer.html</ref>

===Taking a Mini-Break from the Computer===
#Take a series of deep breaths to relieve stress. If you don’t have an appropriate meditation space, you can use deep breathing exercises to enter into a state of mindfulness and relaxation. During a long day at work, deep breathing exercises can help you to recharge and refocus.[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 10 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*Take a seat in a chair or on the floor.
#*Take a deep inhale through your nose for 4 counts (Inhale, 2, 3, 4).
#*Hold your breath for 4 counts (Hold, 2, 3, 4).
#*Exhale through your nose for 4 counts (Exhale, 2, 3, 4).
#*Hold your breath for 4 counts (Hold, 2, 3, 4).
#*Repeat this series 10 times.
#Stretch your neck and shoulders to release tension. After sitting in front of a computer all day, your body may become tense, knotted, and sore. Stretching your tired muscles is an excellent way to release tension, refresh your mind, and take a short break from the computer. The shoulder stretch is work appropriate. It will help to relax your neck and shoulders.To execute the shoulder stretch:[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 11.jpg|center]]
#*Interlace your fingers, lift your arms above your head, and place your palms up.
#*Hold the stretch for 5 deep breaths, breathing in and out through your nose.
#*Release the stretch and roll your shoulders.
#*Repeat the stretch again.
#*As you stretch, focus on your posture: look straight ahead, align your arms with your ears, and relax your shoulder blades.<ref>http://99u.com/articles/6999/6-simple-yoga-stretches-for-daily-de-stressing</ref>
#Stretch your chest to relax your muscles. Sitting in front of a screen all day can wreak havoc on your posture. You may slouch and slump your shoulders. To counteract the negative side effects of this poor computer posture, your can execute a heart opener stretch. In addition to releasing tension, this stretch provides you with an opportunity to step away from your computer and refocus your mind.[[Image:Do Computer Meditation Step 12.jpg|center]]
#*Stand with your feet hip-distance apart.
#*Move your arms and hands behind you.
#*Clasp your hands together to form a fist at the base of your back.
#*Look forward, pinch your shoulder blades together, and elevate your hands and arms as high as you can.
#*Hold this stretch for five deep breaths, breathing in and out through your nose.
#*Repeat if desired.<ref>http://99u.com/articles/6999/6-simple-yoga-stretches-for-daily-de-stressing</ref>

== Video ==
{{Video:Do Computer Meditation|Computer Meditation}}

== Tips ==
*The essence of spirituality is to build up inner strength, peace, love and happiness. Your inner energy can be awakened by positive visualizations in connection with mantras (positive statements, prayers).
*Inner peace arises if you put your mind to rest. For this purpose, first use the mantra "Aum Shanti. Aum Peace." Focus only on peaceful thoughts

== Warnings ==
*On the spiritual path, you're only successful if you always act in close connection with your personal truth and with good feelings for yourself. Practice the computer meditation therefore so that it fits for you personally and is good for you.

== Things You'll Need ==
*Computer
*Seat

== Related wikiHows ==
*[[Do Computer Yoga]]
*[[Do Goddess Yoga]]
*[[Be a Karma Yogi (Religion of Love)]]
*[[Practice the Five Principles of Health]]
*[[Perform Mantra Meditation]]

==Sources and Citations==
{{reflist}}

__METHODS__

How to Do Advanced Computer Yoga

{{fa}}Computer yoga is an easy and enjoyable way of unwinding at the desk, helping your body to relax and your mind to have a decent break. If you've already learned [[Do Computer Yoga|Computer Yoga for Beginners]], this article will take your learning a bit further, extending your computer yoga skills into deeper relaxation and increased positive feelings.

[[Category:Work World]]

[[Category:Yoga]]

[[Category:Computers and Electronics]]

== Steps ==

=== Upper Body ===

# Move your head. As you move it, think the [[Perform Mantra Meditation|mantra]] "Om" in your head.  [[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 1.jpg|center]]

#*Turn your head left and right.

#*Stretch your head forward then backward.

# Move your shoulders. Find a way that works best for you such as shrugging, rolling or shifting your shoulders up and down. Move forward, and then move another way round. Think the "Om , Om, Om... " mantra in your shoulders.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 2.jpg|center]]

# Move your [[Straighten Your Spine|spine]] to the right and left side. Think "Om , Om, Om... " in your spine.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 3.jpg|center]]

=== Lower Body ===

# Move your feet on the ground. Say "Om" as you ground yourself in the earth. Concentrate on the whole earth and think the mantra "Om" in the earth.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 4.jpg|center]]

=== Whole Body ===

# [[Massage Yourself|Massage]] your body from head to feet. Think "Om , Om, Om... ".[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 5.jpg|center]]

# Place one hand on your stomach and practice deep breathing, drawing breath from your diaphragm. Think "Om" in your stomach. [[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 7.jpg|center]]

#*Increase your breathing pace, using the abdominal muscles. Fill your body with conscious energy (prana, light).

=== Face and Head ===

# Rub your eyes and face. Think "Om , Om, Om... ".[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 6.jpg|center]]

# Press your thumb pad to the right nostril. Breathe deeply from the diaphragm, breathing through the left nostril. Think "Om". Press your index finger, then middle finger, then ring finger, to the left nostril. Breathe deeply from your diaphragm, breathing through the right nostril, and think "Om". [[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 8.jpg|center]]

#*Change several times between the left and right nostril back and forth until a feeling of inner peace and harmony is created.

=== Seeking Inner Peace ===

# Rub your stomach. Say to yourself: "I take things as they are. I flow positive with my life." Feel the inner peace.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 9.jpg|center]]

# Put your hands together in the meditation pose in front of your stomach. Move your thumbs. Visualize yourself as a Buddha (Shiva, Enlightened) and a Goddess of Love. Think or speak the mantra: "I am a  Buddha (Shiva). I am a  Goddess of Love (Mother of all beings)."[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 10.jpg|center]]

# Move your hand and send light to someone. Say "I send light to... (name). May all people be happy. May the world [[Be Happy|be happy]]."[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 11.jpg|center]]

# Rub your palms in front of your heart. Think on the enlightened masters and say, "Om all enlightened masters. Om God. Please help me on my way."[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 12.jpg|center]]

# Put your hands on your legs or your belly. Make your mind [[Be Calm|calm]] and think the mantra "Om" in your head, your thorax, your belly, your legs, feet and in the earth. Think in the whole cosmos: "Om Shanti. Om Peace. Om Peace. Om Shanti. Om Peace ..."[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 13.jpg|center]]

# Stop your thinking for one minute. Simply sit there. Don't think. Relax.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 14.jpg|center]]

# What is your positive thought now? For example, "I am optimistic. I go my way with optimism."[[Image:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced Step 15.jpg|center]]

== Video ==

{{Video:Do Computer Yoga for Advanced|This video demonstrates the steps in this article.}}

== Tips ==

*Inner peace arises if you put your mind to rest. For this purpose we will first use the mantra "Om Shanti. Om Peace." Then we will stop for a minute on every thought. Finally, it is good to linger in the relaxation  for some time. In this final phase, it unfolds its healing (harmonizing) effects.

*The essence of spirituality is to build up inner strength, peace, love and happiness. Your inner energy can be awakened by positive visualizations in connection with mantras.

*The computer meditation is aimed at people of all religious denominations. It may also be practiced by atheists. Take the sentences that is fit for you. You can also rephrase the mantras and make them suitable for you. You can define God in your own way as a supreme being or a cosmic power (life power). You can omit the mantra "Om God" if it does not fit you.

*On the spiritual path you're only successful if you always act in close contact with your personal truth and with a good feel for yourself. Practice the computer meditation therefore so that it fits for you personally and is good for you.

== Warnings ==

*Don't work too much. Don't rest too much. Find your personal balance to stay healthy and happy. Do some spiritual exercises every day. Do Computer Yoga every day and the day will be yours.

== Related wikiHows ==

*[[Do Computer Meditation]]

*[[Do Yoga Walking]]

*[[Practice the Five Principles of Health]]

*[[Be a Karma Yogi (Religion of Love)]]

*[[Argue for the Existence of God]]

*[[Do Your Part to Save the World]]

*[[Do Laughter Yoga]]

== Sources and Citations ==

*http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Spirituality – research source

*http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Yoga – research source

*http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Meditation – research source

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_management – research source

How to Do Computer Yoga

# Move your head and chant the "om" [[Perform Mantra Meditation|mantra]] in your head. Turn your head left and right and then, forward and backward.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 1.jpg|center]]
# Move your shoulders so that all tensions resolve. Find the way that works best for you. Move forward, and then move another way round. Move with your elbows and keep chanting the om mantra.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 2.jpg|center]]
# Move your [[Straighten Your Spine|spine]] to the right and the left side. Chant the om mantra when you're doing this.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 3.jpg|center]]
# Move your feet on the ground. Say "Om" in your belly, in your legs, in your feet and in the earth. Concentrate on the whole earth and think the mantra "Earth".[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 4.jpg|center]]
# [[Massage Yourself|Massage]] your body from head to feet. Hold your hands together over your head, rub the palms, visualize the sky above you and say the mantra "Heaven". Feel the light that comes down. Massage the light into your face, your eyes, your ears, your whole body and think "Light, Light..." Fill yourself with light. Move your feet, fill light into the earth and think, "Light...".[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 5.jpg|center]]
# Move your hand and send light to your loved ones and to all people. Say "I send light to... May all people be happy. May all the world [[Be Happy|be happy]]."[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 6.jpg|center]]
# Rub your palms together. Think on the enlightened masters and say, "Om, all enlightened masters, please help me on my way." Now you can ask a question. Think about your life. What are your goals? What is your way? Hear the answer within you. Feel the answer inside. What is the answer?[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 7.jpg|center]]
# Put your hands on your legs or your belly. Make your mind [[Be Calm|calm]] and think the mantra "Om" in your head, your thorax, your belly, your legs, feet, in the earth and in the whole cosmos.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 8.jpg|center]]
#*Keep chanting the om mantra in your head.
# Stop your thinking for a minute. Simply sit there. Don't think about anything.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 9.jpg|center]]
#*What do you have to take in your life? Take it.
#*What is your positive sentence now? What helps you to stay positive through your day and your life? For example, "My positive sentence is: I am optimistic. I follow my way with optimism."
#Done! You are now ready to get back to work.[[Image:Do Computer Yoga Step 10.jpg|center]]

How to Create Printed Circuit Boards

{{fa}}So you have that circuit designed and ready. You did some computer aided simulations and the circuit is working great. Only one thing left! You need to create a printed circuit board so you can see it in action! Whether your circuit is a project for school/college or is a final piece of electronics in a professional product for your company, implementing your circuit on a PCB will give it a much more professional appearance and give you an idea of how the finished product will look!
[[Category:Computers and Electronics]]

== Steps ==
=== Printing the Circuit Board ===
#Choose a method to use for creating the PCB. Your choice will usually be based on the availability of materials needed by the method, the technical difficulty level of the method or the quality of PCB you desire to obtain. Here's a brief summary of the different methods and their main features that will help you decide:[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 1 Version 2.jpg|center]]
##''Acid etching method'': this method requires extreme safety measure, the availability of many materials such as the etchant and it is somewhat slow. The quality of PCB obtained varies according to the materials you use but generally, it is a good method for simple to intermediate levels of complexity circuits. Circuits involving more close wiring and tiny wires usually use other methods.
##''UV etching method'': this method is used for transposition of your PCB layout onto your PCB board and requires more expensive materials that might not be available everywhere. However, the steps are relatively simple and can produce finer and more complicated circuit layouts.
##''Mechanical etching/routing method'': this method requires special machines that will mechanically etch away unnecessary copper from the board or route empty separators between wires. It can be expensive if you intend to buy one of those machines and usually leasing them requires the availability of a workshop nearby. However, this method is good if you need to create many copies of the circuit and also can produce fine PCBs.
##''Laser etching method'': this is usually used by large production companies, but can be found on some universities. The concept is similar to mechanical etching but LASER beams are used to etch the board. It is usually hard to access such machines, but if your local university is one of the lucky ones having such machine, you can use their facilities if they allow it.
#Create the PCB Layout of your circuit. For acid etching, you need to draw the circuitry using an etchant resistant material. Special markers can be found easily for this specific purpose if you intend to do the drawing by hand (not appropriate for medium to large circuits). Laser printers' ink is the most commonly used material however. This is usually done by converting your circuit's schematic diagram into a PCB layout using PCB layout software. There are many open source software packages for PCB layout creation and design, some are listed here to give you a head-start:[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 2 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/pcb/ PCB]
#*[http://www.liquidpcb.org/ Liquid PCB]
#*[http://shortcut-design.sourceforge.net/ ShortCut]
#Once you are happy with the schematic on your computer, match the size of the diagram on the software so that both the circuit board and the paper will have the needed sizes.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 3 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Print out the diagram from the software's File menu. Print it out on a glossy paper, such as magazine paper. You should ensure the circuit is mirrored before doing that (most PCB layout programs have this as an option when printing). Once printed, make sure you don’t touch the ink part on the paper as it can get on your hands.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 4.jpg|center]]
#Align the circuit diagram on the paper with the circuit board (the diagram should be facing the copper part of the circuit board). Start up your iron. Set the iron on the cotton setting and wait until it heats up.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 5 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Once heated, carefully place the iron on top of the paper which is on top of the circuit board.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 6 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Place the iron there for about 30-45 seconds (depending on your iron).[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 7 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#After lifting the iron, put it aside carefully and take the circuit board to your nearest source of water. Be careful, the paper will be hot. The paper should be stuck to the circuit board, don’t rip it out.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 8 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Start the water flow and hold the circuit board below it. An alternative approach is to immerse the board and paper in hot water for a few minutes (up to 10 minutes).[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 9 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Slowing start taking off the paper and soon all of the paper should come off.  If certain areas seem particularly difficult to peel off, you can try soaking a bit more. If everything went well, you will have a copper board with your PCB pads and signal lines traced out in black toner.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 10 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Dry the board. Get the big droplets of water off by softly wiping with a napkin or sponge or just letting them fall out. It shouldn’t take more than 30 seconds and it should not be vigorous or else the ink on to the circuit might come off.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 11 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Etch the board using one of the methods below. This process removes any unnecessary copper from the board leaving only wiring of the final circuit.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 12 Version 2.jpg|center]]

=== Etching with Acid ===
#Choose your etching acid. Ferric chloride is a common choice for an etchant. However, you can use Ammonium Persulfate crystals or other chemical solutions. No matter what choice for the chemical etchant, it will always be a dangerous material, so besides following the general safety precautions mentioned in this article, you should also read and follow any additional safety instructions that come with the etchant.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 13 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Prepare the acid [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/etchant etchant]. Depending on the ''acid etch'' that you choose, there might be additional instructions. For example, some crystallized acids require being dissolved in hot water, but other etchants are ready to use.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 14 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Submerge the board in the acid.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 15 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Make sure to stir every 3-5 minutes.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 16 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Take the board out and wash it when all unnecessary copper is etched away from the board.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 17 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Remove the insulating drawing material used. There are special solvents available for almost all types of insulating drawing material used in drawing PCB layouts. However, if you don't have access to any of these materials, you can always use a sandpaper (a fine one).[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 18.jpg|center]]

=== Etching with Ultra-Violet Transposition ===
#To apply with this method, you will need a photosensitive (positive or negative) laminated PCB card, an UV insulator and a transparent sheet and distilled water. You may find the cards ready to use (they are covered with a black nylon sheet), or photosensitive spray to apply on the copper side of an ordinary blank PCB card. Take care to purchase also a photorevelator compatible with the photo spray or the PCB photosensitive coating.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 19.jpg|center]]
#With a laser printer, draw the PCB layout on the transparent sheet, in positive or negative mode, according to the photosensitive coating of the card.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 20.jpg|center]]
#Cover the copper side of the board with the printed transparent sheet.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 21.jpg|center]]
#Place the board in the UV insulator machine/chamber.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 22.jpg|center]]
#Turn on the UV machine. It will irradiate your board with the UV for the specified amount of time. Most of the UV insulators are equipped with an adjustable timer. Generally, 15 to 20 minutes will be widely sufficient.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 23.jpg|center]]
#Once done, remove the board from the UV insulator. Clean the copper side of the card with the photorevelator, then gently rinse the revelated PCB card with distilled water prior to place it in its acid bath. The parts destroyed by the UV irradiation will be etched by the acid.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 24.jpg|center]]
#The further steps to follow are described in the acid etching method specific steps 3 to 7.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 25.jpg|center]]

=== Finishing the Board ===
#Drill mount points. Drilling machines used for that are usually custom machines designed specifically for this purpose. However, with some adjustments a usual drilling machine will do the job at home.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 26.jpg|center]]
#Mount and solder the electronic components on board.[[Image:Create Printed Circuit Boards Step 27.jpg|center]]

== Warnings ==
*If you are using the acid etching method, you need to take the following precautions:
**Always store your acid in a safe cold place. Use glass containers.
**Label your acid and store it somewhere out of the reach of children.
**Do not dispose of your used acid in the home drains. Instead store it and when you have some amount of used acid, take it to your recycling center/dangerous waste disposal facility.
**Use gloves and air masks when working with acid etchants.
**Be extremely careful when mixing and stirring the acid. Do not use metallic objects and do not put the container on the edge of the disk.
**While irradiating your PCB with UV, take an absolute care to not have a direct visual contact with the UV generating part of the insulator/chamber, or use special anti-UV protection glasses. If you have to check your PCB during the process, better stop the machine prior to open it.
*Make sure to wear safety goggles when using the etching method and do not look directly above the container of the chemical.

== Related wikiHows ==
*[[Solder Electronics]]
*[[Add Variable Voltage to Your ATX Based Bench Power Supply]]
*[[Make a Simple Electrical Circuit]]
*[[Remove Electronic Components from a Flexible Circuit Board]]

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How to Use an SD Memory Card

This wikiHow teaches you how to transfer information to and from an SD memory card. You can use SD memory cards in things like digital cameras, phones, tablets, and most computers.
[[Category:Hardware]]

== Steps ==
=== On Android ===
#Insert the MicroSD card into your device. This process varies depending on the device, and not all Android devices support MicroSD. No Android device supports standard SD cards.[[Image:Use an SD Memory Card Step 1.jpg|center]]
#*Tablets will typically have the MicroSD card slot along the side of the device.
#*If your phone supports MicroSD, the slot is typically located underneath the battery, though if the battery isn't removable, the MicroSD card may be located along the side of the device.
#Open your Android's Settings {{android|settingsapp}}. It's a gear-shaped app in your Android's App Drawer.
#*You can also swipe down from the top of the screen with two fingers and then tap the gear icon to open Settings.
#Scroll down and tap {{MacButton|Storage}}. You'll find this option about halfway down the Settings page.
#*On a Samsung device, tap '''Device maintenance''' then tap '''Storage'''.
#Tap your SD card's name. You'll likely find it under the "Removable" section of the storage page.
#Review your SD card's contents. You can scroll through the SD card's folders to view them, or you can tap a folder on the SD card page to view its contents.
#*For example, tapping the '''Images''' option will show you additional folders.
#Move files onto your phone from your SD card. To do so:
#*Tap an item that you want to move.
#*Tap '''&#8942;'''
#*Tap '''Move to...''' or '''Move'''
#*Select your Android's internal storage.
#*Tap '''MOVE''' or '''DONE'''
#Tap the "Back" button. It's in the top-left corner of the screen. This will take you back to the Storage (or Device Maintenance) page.
#Move files from your phone onto your SD card. To do this:
#*Tap '''Internal storage'''
#*Select a file or folder.
#*Tap '''&#8942;'''
#*Tap '''Move to...''' or '''Move'''
#*Select your SD card's name.
#*Tap '''MOVE''' or '''DONE'''
#[[Format an SD Card|Format your SD card if prompted]]. Formatting your SD card is necessary if the SD card was previously used for a device (e.g., a camera) that didn't use the same type of file system as your Android.
#*If you receive a notification that the card isn't working or isn't compatible with your device, formatting it will likely fix the problem.

=== On Windows ===
#Insert the SD card into your computer's card reader. If your computer doesn't have a card reader, you can purchase an external adapter that connects via USB.[[Image:Use an SD Memory Card Step 5.jpg|center]]
#*MicroSD cards will likely need to be inserted into an SD card adapter to fit into most conventional SD card slots.
#Open Start {{windows|start}}. Click the Windows logo in the bottom-left corner of the screen.
#Open File Explorer {{windows|startexplorer}}. Click the grey folder icon in the lower-left side of the Start window. This will open the File Explorer window.
#Select your SD card. Click your SD card's name in the left side of the File Explorer window.
#*If you can't find your SD card, click '''This PC''' instead, then double-click the SD card's name below the "Devices and drives" heading in the middle of the page.
#Review your SD card's files. You can scroll through the files and folders on this page to review them, or you can double-click a file or folder to open it.
#Move files from your SD card onto your computer. To do so:
#*Select a file or folder you want to move.
#*Click the '''Home''' tab.
#*Click '''Move to'''
#*Click '''Choose location...'''
#*Click a folder on your computer (e.g., '''Desktop''').
#*Click '''Move'''
#Move files from your computer onto your SD card. This process is similar to moving files from the SD card onto your computer. To do this:
#*Select a file or folder you want to move.
#*Click the '''Home''' tab.
#*Click '''Move to'''
#*Click '''Choose location...'''
#*Click your SD card's name.
#*Click '''Move'''
#[[Format an SD Card|Format your SD card]]. If your SD card won't open or is incapable of having files moved to it, formatting it will potentially repair the card or make it compatible with your computer.
#*Formatting an SD card will also remove all files on it.
#Eject your SD card. Click '''^''' in the lower-right side of your Windows computer's screen, click the flash drive with a checkmark icon, and click '''Eject NAME''' when the option appears. This will ensure that, when you physically remove your SD card from your computer, you don't lose any files.

=== On Mac ===
#Insert the SD card into your computer's card reader. If your computer doesn't have a card reader, you can purchase an external adapter that connects via USB.
#*MicroSD cards will likely need to be inserted into an SD card adapter to fit into most conventional SD card slots.
#*Many Macs don't have SD card readers.
#Open Finder. Click the blue, face-shaped icon in your Mac's Dock at the bottom of the screen.
#Click your SD card's name. It's in the pane on the left-hand side of the Finder window, just below the "Devices" heading. Doing so will display your SD card's contents in the main Finder window.
#Review your SD card's contents. You can scroll through the SD card's files and folders in the main Finder window, or you can double-click a file or folder to open it.
#Move files from your SD card onto your Mac. To do so:
#*Select a file or folder in the main Finder window.
#*Click '''Edit'''
#*Click '''Cut''' (or '''Copy''')
#*Click a destination folder.
#*Click '''Edit''', then click '''Paste Item''' or '''Paste Items'''.
#Move Mac files onto the SD card. To do this:
#*Click a folder on the left side of Finder.
#*Select a file or folder in the main finder window.
#*Click '''Edit'''
#*Click '''Cut''' (or '''Copy''')
#*Click a destination folder.
#*Click '''Edit''', then click '''Paste Item''' or '''Paste Items'''.
#[[Format an SD Card|Format your SD card]]. If your SD card won't open or is incapable of having files moved to it, formatting it will potentially repair the card or make it compatible with your computer.
#*Formatting an SD card will also remove all files on it.
#Eject your SD card. Click the "Eject" triangle icon to the right of your SD card's name in the left-hand sidebar in the Finder window. This will prevent your SD card's files from being harmed when you physically remove the SD card from your computer.

== Tips ==
*When using an SD card with your camera, it will fit into a specific slot in the camera's body. This slot's location will vary depending on the camera model, so be sure to check your camera's manual to see where the SD card goes.

== Warnings ==
*Don't format an SD card without first backing up any files that you want to save.

== Related wikiHows ==
*[[Restore Deleted Files on a SD Card]]

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How to Navigate the Windows Directory

{{fa}}Windows Explorer allows you to navigate and browse the files and folders on your Windows computer. Any time you open a folder on your Windows computer, you're using Windows Explorer. You can also use Windows Search to find specific files, or the Command Prompt if you prefer working from the command line.
[[Category:Windows]]

== Steps ==
===[[Open File Explorer|Opening File Explorer]]===
#Click the Start button. This button can be found in the lower-left corner of the screen, and may just be a Windows logo.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 1 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Click the {{button|Computer}} or {{button|File Explorer}} button. In Windows 10, this looks like a folder and can be found on the left side of the menu, or in your Windows task bar at the bottom of the screen.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 2 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Click {{button|This PC}} in the left sidebar (Window 10). This will display the drives connected to your computer.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 3 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Find your hard drive. Your computer's main hard drive will be listed in the "Hard disk drives" or "Devices and drives" section. The hard drive with Windows installed on it will have the Windows logo on the drive icon, and is typically the C: drive.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 4 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Find your other drives and devices. If you have any other hard drives installed, they'll also appear in the "Hard Disk Drives" or "Devices and drives" section. If you have any USB devices or drives connected, you'll find them listed in the "Devices with Removable Storage" or "Devices and drives" section.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 5 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*You can also expand the "Computer" or "This PC" entry in the left sidebar to see all of your connected drives and devices.
#Access your user folders. Your user folders will appear at the top of the window in Windows 10 and 8. These folders include your Documents, Pictures, Downloads, and more.<ref>https://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/app_win_explorer.mspx?mfr=true</ref>[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 6 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*The majority of the files and folders you'll be dealing with on a day-to-day basis can likely be found in these user folders.
===Navigating the Directories===
#Double-click a drive or folder to open it. You'll see all of the folder's contents in the window.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 7.jpg|center]]
#Click the {{button|Back}} and {{button|Forward}} arrows at the top of the Window. This will take you back to your previous location, or forward if you have already gone back.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 8.jpg|center]]
#Click the {{button|Up}} arrow to go up one directory level (Windows 10). You'll find this button next to the Back and Forward arrows. This will take you to the parent directory for your current location. For example, if you're in C:\Program Files\Adobe, pressing Up will take you to C:\Program Files.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 9.jpg|center]]
#Click the address bar to view the current location. If you need to exact path to the current folder, click an empty spot in the address bar and the full path will be highlighted for you to copy.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 10.jpg|center]]
#Right-click a folder for more options. The right-click menu has a lot of different options, and installing programs may add more.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 11.jpg|center]]
#*Select "Open in a new window" to open the selected folder in a separate window. This can be useful for moving items between two folders.
#*Select "Pin to taskbar" to add an often-used folder to your Windows taskbar. This can make it easy to access the folder at any time.
#Enable hidden files. If you need to see hidden files, you'll need to unhide them:[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 12.jpg|center]]
#*Windows 10 and 8 - Click the View tab in any folder window. Check the "Hidden items" box.
#*Windows 7 - Click the Organize button and select "Folder and search options." Click the "View" tab in the window that appears and enable "Show hidden files, folders, and drives."
===Searching for Files===
#Click the Start button. You can start a search directly from the Start menu.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 13.jpg|center]]
#Type the name of the file or folder you're searching for. You can also type an extension to search for all files of that, such as "docx" for Word documents.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 14.jpg|center]]
#Click a result to open it. If the result is a file, it will open in its default program. If it's a folder, the folder will open in a new window. If it's a program, the program will launch.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 15.jpg|center]]
#Click a results section header to view all matching results. For example, if you have lots of documents that share the search term, clicking the Documents header will display all of the results that match.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 16.jpg|center]]
#Right-click a result and select {{button|Open file location}}. This will open the folder that contains the file in a new window.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 17.jpg|center]]
===Using the Command Prompt===
#Click the Start button.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 18.jpg|center]]
#Type {{kbd|cmd}} and press {{keypress|Enter}}. This will start the Command Prompt.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 19.jpg|center]]
#Note your current folder. When you start the Command Prompt, you'll start in your User folder.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 20.jpg|center]]
#Type {{kbd|dir /p}} and press {{keypress|Enter}}. This will display the contents of the current directory. The screen will stop scrolling whenever the screen has filled, and you can press any key to keep scrolling.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 21.jpg|center]]
#*<DIR> entries are folders inside of your current directory.
#*The size of each file will be displayed in bytes before the file name.
#Type '''{{kbd|cd..}} and press {{keypress|Enter}}.''' This will take you up one directory level.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 22.jpg|center]]
#Type {{kbd|cd {{var|folderName}}}} to open a folder in your directory. For example, in your User folder you can type {{kbd|cd documents}} and press {{keypress|Enter}} to open your Documents folder.[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 23.jpg|center]]
#Type {{kbd|cd {{var|path}}}} to go to a specific directory. For example, to move directly to the Microsoft Office 15 directory in Program Files, you would type {{kbd|cd C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office 15}}[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 24.jpg|center]]
#Type a file name and press {{keypress|Enter}} to open it. This will open the file in its default program. You'll need to type the entire file name as well as its extension.<ref>http://www.digitalcitizen.life/command-prompt-how-use-basic-commands</ref>[[Image:Navigate the Windows Directory Step 25.jpg|center]]

== Related wikiHows ==
*[[Print a List of Files]]
*[[Choose a Computer]]
*[[Be a Computer Geek]]
*[[Organize Your Computer]]
*[[Activate High Contrast on Windows]]
*[[Access Data of a Password Protected User in Windows XP in Case the PC Fails to Boot]]
*[[List Every File on Your Hard Drive]]
==Sources and Citations==
{{reflist}}
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